Dhaka

Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা, pronounced [ˈɖʱaka]) is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Situated along the banks of the Buriganga River, it is the political, economic, and cultural center of the country. As of 2024, Dhaka has an estimated population of over 21 million, making it one of the most densely populated and rapidly growing megacities in the world.

Etymology

The origin of the name "Dhaka" is debated. Some believe it derives from the dhak tree (Shorea robusta), which once grew in the area. Others link it to the Dhakeshwari Temple, a historic Hindu temple believed to have given the city its name.

History

Ancient and Medieval Periods:

The area now known as Dhaka has been inhabited since at least the 7th century. It was part of the ancient region of Bengal, under various empires including the Buddhist Pala Empire and the Hindu Sena dynasty.

Mughal Era:

Dhaka rose to prominence in the early 17th century as a Mughal provincial capital. In 1608, it was named the capital of Bengal Subah and renamed Jahangirnagar after Emperor Jahangir. The city thrived as a center of trade, especially known for its fine muslin fabrics.

Colonial Period:

Dhaka came under British control in the 18th century after the fall of the Mughal Empire. During British rule, it was a district town in the province of Bengal, playing a role in colonial administration and education.

Modern Era:

In 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) following the partition of British India. After the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Dhaka was declared the capital of independent Bangladesh.

Geography and Climate

Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and is prone to flooding during the monsoon season.

Climate:

Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate with a distinct monsoon season. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are mild and dry.

Economy

Dhaka is the economic engine of Bangladesh. The city hosts the headquarters of major corporations, banks, and financial institutions. The ready-made garment (RMG) industry, which accounts for the majority of the country’s exports, is concentrated in and around the city.

Other key sectors include:

Telecommunications
Real estate and construction
Information technology
Retail and trade

Infrastructure

Transportation:

Dhaka has a rapidly expanding transportation network, including:

Dhaka Metro Rail, the first mass rapid transit system in Bangladesh
Extensive bus and rickshaw networks
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, the country’s busiest airport

Utilities and Urban Planning:

Dhaka faces significant challenges in urban planning, including traffic congestion, pollution, and inadequate sanitation. Various initiatives are underway to modernize infrastructure and improve livability.

Education and Culture

Education:

Dhaka is home to the country’s top academic institutions, including:

University of Dhaka (established 1921)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
North South University
BRAC University

Culture:

Dhaka is a cultural hub, with a rich tradition in music, literature, film, and art. Key cultural events include:

Dhaka International Film Festival
Dhaka Art Summit
Ekushey Book Fair

Landmarks include:

Lalbagh Fort
Ahsan Manzil
National Parliament House (designed by Louis Kahn)
Liberation War Museum

Demographics

Dhaka is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The population is diverse, comprising ethnic Bengalis and minority communities. Islam is the predominant religion, followed by Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism.

Governance

Dhaka is divided into two municipal corporations:

Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC)
Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC)

Each is headed by an elected mayor and is responsible for municipal services and urban management.

Sister Cities

Dhaka has several sister city agreements, including:

Kolkata, India
Karachi, Pakistan
Ankara, Turkey
Seoul, South Korea